The Watergate Scandal Of President Nixon - 1255 Words

Richard Nixon was 37th President of United States from 1969 until 1974. He won second term as president in 1972 defeating George McGovern. Also, President Nixon is remembered as the first President to resign from Office after the 70s Watergate Scandal. His achievement includes forging diplomatic ties with China and Soviet Union and also withdrawing troops from war in Vietnam. But his involvement in Watergate ruined his term as President and resigned in 1974 rather than facing impeachment. United States v. Nixon is one of the important court case in the history of US. This Supreme Court Case is unanimous and Court ruled in favor of U.S. and against President Nixon. In 1972, several burglars were arrested inside the office of the Democratic†¦show more content†¦U.S. Supreme Court dealt with two main points, the power of judiciary and claim of the president to withhold important material as executive privilege. Various questions arise such as President above Law? If so, do courts have jurisdiction to hear a case involving executive privilege? What’s Judiciary power? Separation of powers, executive privilege and so on. In July 24, 1974, Supreme Court rules that it does have jurisdiction and executive power is limited to certain area like military, foreign policy. Therefore, Supreme Court decides in favor of U.S and against President Nixon asking him to release the tape. After that President Nixon resigns from the office and his Vice President took over aft er. Importance of this Case in the history of United States:- This case dealt with crucial points in the political history and can be listed as follows:- †¢ Separation of Powers †¢ Rule of Law †¢ Executive powers †¢ Presidential Confidentiality for National Security †¢ Public awareness about the law and court Separation of Powers- U.S v. Nixon also is important case in the history of U.S as it emphasis on various crucial points of Government. Separation of Powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit anyone branch from exercising the coreShow MoreRelatedPresident Nixon And The Watergate Scandal1641 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Nixon not only abused his powers as president of the United States, but he also completely disregarded the Constitution and the oath of office of the President of the United States. President Nixon is most famous for his involvement in the infamous Watergate scandal, which took place on June 17th, 1972 (Timeline). Nixon hired six burglars to break into the Democratic National Committee’s offices, which were located inside the Watergate office, complex in Washington. The burglars’ missionRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Of President Nixon1317 Words   |  6 PagesAlan Pilgreen 1. In order to accurately depict the Watergate scandal we will need to look into the history if the elements that made this event possible. In November of 1968 President Nixon was elected as president, he server from January 1969 to August 1974. President Nixon was a former Vice President to President Eisenhower from January 1953 to January 1961. In June of 1971 the New York Time began publishing documents that would be known as the Pentagon Papers. The Pentagon Papers documentedRead MorePresident Nixon And The Watergate Scandal1754 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Nixon and the Watergate Scandal Table of Contents Introduction †¦.. 2 Thesis Statement †¦.. 2 Who was involved in the Watergate Scandal †¦.. 3 - 4 What actually happened †¦.. 5 – 7 The events leading up to President Nixon’s impeachment †¦.. 7 – 8 The impeachment that almost occurred †¦.. 8 Conclusion †¦.. 8 What was the Watergate scandal? The Watergate scandal was where five men broke into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) at the Watergate complex in WashingtonRead MoreEssay on Watergate Scandal and President Nixon778 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is Nixon. President Richard Nixon was one of the most famous presidents in the United States. He was mainly renowned for his huge role in the Watergate scandal. The Watergate scandal was important because Nixon and his cabinet arranged to get people to spy on the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate building. After it became clear Nixon was responsible, he manages to resign before he was going to be impeached. President Nixon was involved with the Watergate scandal and should beRead MorePresident Nixon s The Watergate Scandal1777 Words   |  8 Pages When placed in the overall context of President Nixon’s administration, the Watergate Scandal is perhaps less surprising due to the attitudes and actions that were present throughout his time as president. Throughout his presidency, Nixon the press as an enemy of his administration and he sought to keep many of his actions a secret from the American people. He strongly detested leaks from his administration as he felt that an exposure of his actions to the general public would hurt him. In orderRead MorePresident Nixon s Involvement On The Watergate Scandal Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesinnocence, President Nixon started creating distance between himself and those of senior authority within his administration who could be directly linked to the Watergate scandal. At this time, many of President Nixon’s aides were either being prosecuted for obstruction of justice, burglary, wiretapping, etc, or they were resigning their positions within the administration due to the overwhelming evidence that was appearing against them in relation to their criminal activities. Many of President Nixon’sRead More The Watergat e Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Watergate Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon The Watergate Scandal and crisis that rocked the United States began on the early morning of June 17, 1972 with a small-scale burglary and it ended August 9, 1974 with the resignation of Republican President Richard Milhous Nixon. At approximately 2:30 in the morning of June 17, 1972, five burglars were discovered inside the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington DC. The burglars,Read MoreWatergate740 Words   |  3 PagesWatergate Lucia San Nicolas HIS/145 October 19, 2011 Marciano Flores Watergate The Watergate scandal shocked millions of Americans when it was revealed in 1972. The president at that time was Richard M. Nixon, who himself was involved within the scandal. The Watergate scandal took place in 1972 when a group of five men broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington. The five men involved in this burglary were eventuallyRead MoreWatergate Scandal790 Words   |  4 PagesIt was suggested that the President had tried to repair the damages that were caused the Watergate scandal in the first article. From a speech President Nixon had given, it showed that there were a lot things that still needed to be done regarding the scandal. The article stated that the officials under the Watergate scandal were cheating, lying and engaging in illegal activities while in high positions of the government. The people believed that the president did not stand up to the crisis andRead MoreEssay on All the Presidents Men - The Watergate Scandal822 Words   |  4 PagesThe book discussed what happened to President Nixon in the Watergate Scandal from Bernstein and Woodwards point of view. The Watergate Scandal was a significant part of presidential history. This even would result in Nixons resignation and what would have been his guaranteed impeachment. The Watergate Scandal took an impact on politics as a whole. Politicians are known as liars and people who keep secrets from the public. The Watergate Scandal is something Nixon can never make up for, but will always

Same-sex Marriage and Jordan - 1107 Words

c It is Morally Ethical to Discriminate against Homosexuals The legal battle in the fight of gay rights tests the application of the fourteenth amendment’s equal protection clause that states â€Å"No state shall †¦deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (CITE). Our country was founded on the principle that all people should be treated equally. Everyone should be guaranteed the same freedoms and rights no matter what gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation. One group that has historically and continuously been discriminated against is homosexuals. Author Jeff Jordan in his article â€Å"Is it Wrong to Discriminate on the Basis of Homosexuality?† defends the claim that there are situations in which it is morally†¦show more content†¦This method of salving the problem is referred to as â€Å"solution of accommodation† and this way both sides of the issue are given some but not everything of what they want. It is hard to believe that homosexuals are getting anything of what the y want with the way the current system is. They want be recognized by society as a couple and receive the same benefits that marriage couple have. Homosexuals should not be discrimination against because of their homosexuality. Yes they would be receiving public benefits but essentially it matter of same –sex marriage comes down to a private matter because being a homosexual is what happens in the privacy on one owns home, no one is physically hurt by it. Because homosexuality is looked down upon and because religious texts forbid this, this moral belief had made its way into what is suppose to be our secular law system. Jordan believes by the government allowing homosexuality is good enough but his argument is faulty because it is based on his personal beliefs and he does not effectively justifies why homosexuals should be classified as not having the same right as everyone else. Author David Boonin didn’t do an effective job of disproving Jordan’s argument or proving why is it not unacceptable to discriminate against homosexuals. Boonin’s argument relieved heavily on the contradictions found in Jordan’s argument. From the very beginning of the essay Jordan states that his argument makes no claimsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Society in Jordan524 Words   |  3 PagesThere are Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people living in Jordan who are faced with discrimination by the non – LGBT persons. Homosexual conduct between consenting adults is legal in Jordan. Being Gay and living in Jordan is tough because of religion. The dominant religion is Islam and than Muslim and in both of their belief’s being gay is forbidden. If they are gay I believe that if not all most of them don’t ever really come out they life a double life. They keep it to themselvesRead MoreMy Family s Case Of John Greg And Michael872 Words   |  4 Pagesrelation to same-sex marriages a nd the â€Å"white wedding.† In our film, we ponder whether many same-sex weddings defy the traditional standards of an American wedding or if they conform to their own ideas. In my family’s case of John Greg and Michael, they conformed to many of their own concepts, while choosing to keep many of the classic wedding traditions that have been circulating for decades. John Greg and Michael present a fusion wedding, that stands out among many of the other same-sex weddings.Read MoreThe Morality Of Same Sex Marriage2166 Words   |  9 PagesThe morality of same-sex marriage is a major controversial issue in the United States today. While Liberals believe that marriage should be the union of two people who love each other and that it should be legal for gay and lesbian individuals in order to ensure equal rights for all citizens, Conservatives believe that marriage is the union of one woman and one man only and that requiring citizens to sanction same-sex relationships vi olates moral and religious beliefs. Taking opposing viewpointsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1543 Words   |  7 PagesK.B. Denis Ms. Chandhok English 9-2 5/112016 In The Great Gatsby, Scott F. Fitzgerald explores the amourous institutions of marriage (Tom and Daisy Buchanan), dating (Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker), and affairs (Tom and Myrtle Wilson) only to come to the conclusion that true love is unattainable. Gaps in gender, personal disposition, and social standing prevent these relationships from reaching their full potential. By comparing and contrasting these three different kinds of relationships with eachRead MoreThe Movie Wolf Of Wall Street 1494 Words   |  6 PagesMoney, sex, drugs, and greed-these four words are characterized and displayed profoundly throughout the movie Wolf of Wall Street. Based on a true story about the life of Jordan Belfort (Leonardo DiCaprio), the movie is narrated and gives insight to the struggle, power, and addictions that surrounded Belfort’s life. Belfort was a stockbroker who learned his way as an entry-level worker on Wall Street before creating his own company Stratton Oakmont. Belfort qui ckly learned that success on Wall StreetRead MoreJordan Belfort The Wolf Of Wall Street 1285 Words   |  6 PagesBhumi Patel Mr. Grosse US History May 4, 2017 Jordan Belfort â€Å"The Wolf of Wall Street† Jordan Belfort, better known as â€Å"The Wolf of Wall Street†, is a man who lived the high life of the top one percent of the upper class America. Belfort by definition is not a man who is commonly referred to in our history as a man who is looked upon. Belfort is known as a former stockbroker, but is currently a motivational speaker and an author. Belfort lived a life very well abusing everything he had whetherRead MoreThe Age Of Women s Rights1192 Words   |  5 Pagesopposite sex, women grasped more initiative and freedom than before. Many people use the word â€Å"flapper† to describe American women at that time. Beside above all, women also had more chance to take jobs, which promoted them to be more independent and rebellious. They sought ways to fight against old rules and morals, living in the way they like. In that period, American women enjoyed both modern material wealth and spiritual freedom. In The Great Gatsby, three main female characters: Daisy, Jordan andRead MoreEssay on How Women Are Portrayed in the Great Gatsby1020 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Gatsby, Fitzgerald presents all three women in a vilifying manner; Daisy is weak and careless, Jordan is dishonest and haughty, and Myrtle is unfaithful. Nick describes Jordan as â€Å"incurably dishonest†. This introduces the ideology of distrust of women in the novel. In 1922, American women did not have the same rights as men and were often trapped in oppressive marriages and seen as the inferior sex. This inferiority is reflected through the way in which women have a secondary role in this novelRead MoreRelationship Between Fa mily And Marriage Patterns898 Words   |  4 Pages In Anthropology we studied the relationship between family and marriage patterns. We live in the 21st century and different cultures have different views on marriage. How has marriage changed over the years, what is the meaning of family and what are the three different types of residence patterns? Relationships have changed and we need to learn more about them. Marriage is commonly thought of as a commitment between a man and a woman, or a man and a man, or a woman and aRead MorePersuasive essay - Love1494 Words   |  6 Pagescan be easily seen in society’s treatment of non-heterosexuals, especially in the cases of marriage laws, bullying by teens and young adults, and general homophobic attitudes in our culture. It is important that these situations be changed so that each and every person has the same rights and is not harshly and wrongly judged because of the sex of the person that they love. When thinking of the word â€Å"marriage,† what comes to mind? Is it long white dresses and dapper tuxedos, or a towering cake and

Heaven Can Wait Belt Up Free Essays

Commercial analysis: Heaven can wait belt up This report will discuss the issue commercial how to convey the idea to consumer. Introduction Here is a car charity commercial advertisement without any world and talk through. Only utility the background music, shocking animation and a woman sang. We will write a custom essay sample on Heaven Can Wait Belt Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now It brought us the shocking and stunning. At last, the image fade out, then show the slogan â€Å"heaven can wait belt up†. As the following we will talk about the commercial advertisement. Here is one of places in the world, and everything is just like normal. For a while, the clash burst out, and tree is shaking. Furthermore, we saw a car bump into a tree strongly. There are three persons on the car. All of them are unconscious. Few seconds later, their soul was department from their own body. The three people, only one of them belt, and others doesn’t. Because of the driver didn’t belt, their souls went up to heaven, so as the backside passage. But the front passenger had belt, his soul was struggle for the belt. But the belt restricted him to get rid of. At last, the belt rescues the front passenger. After that, the screen show the slogan, †HEAVEN CAN WAIT BELT UP† and fade out. This charity alarm us should seat belt when we drive, no matter you are driver or passenger. Belt can keep u safe, even heaven can wait belt up. Next, we will discuss the characteristic, animation and music. Characteristic There are only three persons in the video, the driver, front passenger, and back passenger. Besides, here are car, tree, soul and music. The animation of soul showed us a strongly visual effect. Moreover, with the music, we can feel from peace to shock. In the whole advertising, there is without any words in the video. Music All of the advertisement without any word and talk through. There are only the music and the image in the advertisement. But it strongly remained us we should belt when we drive no matter we are driver or passenger. So the music here is important and indispensable, and we will discuss about the transition of the music. There are three sounds of the different types. First is peace situation with the sound of bird and nature. Then when the clash occurred, the condition was changing. At last is the song which woman song amazing music. At beginning, the surround is bird’s song and the nature’s voice. It means everything is peace and we don’t need to worry about anything. When clash burst out, everything changed. Soul of life wants to leave their body, and the women’s voice stand for life will go to heaven. Just like god summon and they must to leave. But when the women’s voice disappeared, the soul of that front passenger back with wheeze and heavy breathing, seems the life returned. Then the nature’s voice returned, and everything is back to the normal peace. In the west-country, when we die we believe we will go to heaven and get rid of the guilty, and the song with the women’s voice stand for the meaning of go to heaven. The sound from beginning to the end was a continuous situation. We can image the situation with the music and the animation. It shocked us the feel of visual and sound. Without any word, but tell us the safety method to drive. Animation The soul spilt from the body, they struggle but only one back to their own body. The soul means our life is weak and we need to protect by the belt. Youth are often hasty and without thinking. So the soul is just like our original nature. But the belt protect the soul get away from the passenger, so it is simply to tell us we should belt up and then we can drive. Customer analysis We will discuss that by sender and receiver’s viewpoint. Sender Here is a car commercial charity advertising which is sponsored by Axion. It is a bank company always support youth’s activities from Belgium and their focus market is youth group. So the advertisement is also made to the youth who should belt up when they drive. There are two different meanings in that advertisement. One of that reminded drives or passenger who should belt up, keep your life safe. And another one is keeping your money in a safe bank account. So youth can notice that car accident without belt is closed to youth’s life. For youth, they are potential group for bank. There are some reasons we can talk about. First of all, youth are going to step into the employ market sooner, and most of them don’t know how to deal with their dollar. The second is youth don’t have enough knowledge for finance, such as we don’t know how to loan form bank and so on. Most important of all, we are too young to do the reasonable thing. Everything is fun, we must try. So the dangerous will happen when we think it’s cool. In short, if the bank can provide us a safe account to keep our dollar and we can utility money in proper method with less risk. So the other meaning is that ad is â€Å"choice our bank we will provide you a safe account and protect you from the crisis†. Their niche market focus on the youth group, this group drive fast and doesn’t know how to evaluate the risk. When the disaster occurred, they can’t handle with that situation. So Axion can provide you a good solution to prevent the problem. If you go to our bank and apply our service, we will give you a safe insurance for your account. Furthermore, you also can have a loan in our bank. All in all, the sender gave us two messages. One is when you drive, you should belt up. And another one is our bank can give you a better choice. Receiver Axion is focus on the youth group, who can drive. The economic situation is in the middle of class, and the range of age is around 16 to 35. If you have the right to drive, you are the receiver. Besides, education level can range from senior high to adult and gender is focus on male. At last, we will show the video to youth who can drive and their age are around 20 to 30 then get the feedback from them. The feel of people who see the advertisement We showed this video to youth, and ask them two questions in order to get the feedback of video. First, what’s your first impress about the video? And can you image the situation you drive in the future? In the first question, the answer is interesting such as the belt’s effect is like magic, supplemental restraint system didn’t work, even one of them feel creepy, and the road is big but why they still can bump the tree. And the second is consistent. Because all of them said â€Å"we need to belt up†. Conclude To sum up, the video want to tell us, â€Å"HEAVEAN CAN WAIT BELT UP†. When we drive, we need to belt and that can keep us safe. It’s important for us to belt when we drive. And the other point is if youth want to choose a bank, you can find Axion’s bank. Related article: Conveyor Belt Project How to cite Heaven Can Wait Belt Up, Essay examples

Slaughterhouse-Five free essay sample

An analysis of the science-fiction novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. The paper discusses Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s use of time and place as part of his narrative strategy in Slaughterhouse-Five, a novel with a science-fiction format. The paper shows how the main character is carried back and forth through time as well as space because time is a thematic subject in the novel. Not being stuck in time does not mean complete freedom, however. On the one hand, the novel seems to reflect the thematic sense that Billys life is determined and that he has no control over it. This is because no matter how many times Billy moves through his life, appearing first in one place and then another, the outcome is always the same. Time travel does not mean the ability to change time. Indeed, since the Tralfamadorians experience all time at once, time must be unchangeable. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughterhouse-Five or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vonnegut offers a deterministic and even pessimistic view of life and the passage of time and also emphasizes that we live in moments in our lives that were of dramatic impact for good or ill but that can also never be changed no matter how many times we relive them or how much we want to change them when we do.

All About Famous Memorials and Monuments of the U.S.

All About Famous Memorials and Monuments of the U.S. How do we remember important events? How can we best honor our dead? Should we pay tribute with realistic sculptures of our heroes? Or, will the monument be more meaningful and profound if we choose abstract forms? Sometimes the horror of events are too unreal to accurately represent. The design of a monument or memorial is often more symbolic than an accurate representation. Powerful Memorials in the U.S. National September 11 Memorial, New York, NYU.S.S. Arizona, Honolulu, HIVietnam Veterans Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, and the National WWII Memorial in Washington, D.C.Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MOMount Rushmore National Memorial, SD Often the most powerful memorials - the monuments that stir strong emotion - are surrounded with controversy. The memorials and monuments listed here show various ways architects and designers have chosen to honor heroes, respond to tragedies, or commemorate important events. The memorial is there to provide an experience, Michael Arad has said. That experience, no doubt, involves memory. It is no surprise that the word memorial comes from the Latin word memoria, meaning memory. Architecture is memory. Memorials and monuments tell a story. To Honor and Remember People and Events How many buildings have you lived in? Where did you make your home when you were a child? when you first went to school? first fell in love? Our memories are inextricably tied with place. Events in our lives are permanently entangled with where they happened. Even when all the details may be fuzzy, the sense of place is forever with us. Architecture can be powerful markers of memories, so commanding that we sometimes consciously create memorials to honor and remember people and events. We may make a crude twig cross to commemorate a childhood pet. The carved stone on a family members burial site is built to stand for centuries. Bronze plaques remind a nation of bravery in face of adversity. Concrete tombs can visually present the scope of tragedies. How do we use architecture to express loss and hope for renewal? Does it make sense to spend millions of dollars building September 11 memorials? How we spend our money is an ongoing debate for families, nations, and institutions. The First Monuments and Memorials The earliest creations built by man for purposes other than shelter were spiritual in nature  - monuments to higher powers and memorials to honor the dead. One thinks of the prehistoric Stonehenge in Britain and the Grecian Parthenon built in 432 B.C. for the goddess Athena. The first memorials may have been the great pyramids in Egypt, the tombs of the great kings and pharaohs. Historically, human beings remember events related to war. As tribal conflicts became wars between nation states, the victors have built monuments to their victories. Monuments designed as arches can be traced back to the triumphal arches of Rome, such as the Arch of Titus (A.D. 82) and the  Arch of Constantine (A.D. 315). These Roman arches influenced 19th and 20th century war memorials around the world, including one of the most famous triumphal arches, the 1836 Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France. American War Memorials and Monuments The 1842 Bunker Hill Memorial near Boston, Massachusetts memorializes the American Revolution and the battle that took place on this sacred ground. In the United States, battlegrounds themselves are often considered the memorial. Throughout American history, memorial architecture has been built both locally and nationally. American Civil War: Monuments to Civil War heroes continue to divide the nation. Communities and groups who had erected monuments to Confederate war heroes of the 19th century found these memorials being removed in the 21st century  - remembering a culture of slavery and white supremacy became untolerable to a society struggling with inclusion.  Architecture can stir emotions and controversy. Less controversial is the 1866 Civil War Unknowns Monument, the first Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery. It is a mass grave of over 2,000 soldiers, both Union and Confederate, whose bones and bodies were picked up after gruesome battles. The tomb is inscribed in stone: Beneath this stone repose the bones of two thousand one hundred and eleven unknown soldiers gathered after the war from the fields of Bull Run, and the route to the Rappahanock, their remains could not be identified. But their names and deaths are recorded in the archives of their country, and its grateful citizens honor them as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace! September. A. D. 1866. World War I: A National World War I Memorial called The Weight of Sacrifice officially marks the 100th anniversary of the end of WWI as it is dedicated on November 11, 2018. The memorial design competition was won by the Chicago-based architect Joseph Weishaar and New York City sculptor Sabin Howard. The memorial in Washington, DCs Pershing Park is the first national monument to this war event. The 1926 Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri had been considered a national memorial because of the number of soldiers who passed through the city on their way to war. The District of Columbia War Memorial in Washington, D.C. is considered a local monument. World War II:  Dedicated in 2004, the National World War II Memorial is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Friedrich St.Florian, the Austrian-born architect, won the competition with his highly symbolic design. Down the road from St.Florians memorial is the iconic Iwo Jima Memorial. Near Arlington National Cemetery, the statue replicates a dynamic photograph depicting an important event in WWII Pacific War history. The 1954 statue, however, is really called the United States Marine Corps War Memorial and is dedicated to all Marines who have given their lives in defense of the United States since 1775. Similarly, the nearby 2006 United States Air Force Memorial  and the 1987 United States Navy Memorial honor those military branches. The horrors of WWII may best be depicted at the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a 1962 museum built over the hull of a sunken battleship. Keeping the ruins of war has been a popular way to impress memories of war on future generations. In Hiroshima, Japan the Atomic Bomb Dome, the remains of a building from the 1945 atomic bomb attack, is central to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Korean War: The Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. was dedicated July 27, 1995, decades after the 1953 armistice. Unlike other memorials, the Korean War Veterans Memorial honors the nearly six million Americans who served during the three-year conflict and not just the men and women who gave their lives. Vietnam War: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall - the controversial design by architect Maya Lin - was dedicated in 1982 and remains one of the most visited sites in Washington, D.C. One of its most emotional appeals is the reflective nature of the engraved stone, where a viewers image can literally be reflected while reflecting on the names of the dead and missing. A bronze statue of three soldiers was added in 1964 and the  Vietnam Womens Memorial statue was added in 1993. Terrorism: A new type of war for the United States is undeclared, yet the horror of terrorism is everpresent. Michael Arads vision for a National September 11 Memorial in New York City reflects the absence of what once existed - both buildings and people are to be remembered. In Shanksville, Pennsylvania, a 90-foot wind chime called the Tower of Voices houses 40 tonal tubes that sing together as the voices of the 40 passengers and crew of United Flight 93. September 11 memorials often use symbolism to honor place and people. The Tower of Voices in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Jeff Swensen/Getty Images (cropped) Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The 1921 Tomb of the Unknowns, or the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers, at Arlington National Cemetery is a simple white marble sarcophagus (coffin) that holds powerful symbolic meaning. Like the walls of the 1922 Lincoln Memorial, the Tomb of the Unknowns is constructed with bright white marble from the Yule Quarry in Colorado. Neoclassical pilasters, wreaths representing the major battles of World War I, and Grecian figures symbolizing Peace, Victory, and Valor decorate the marble panels. One panel is inscribed: HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD. Although the Tomb of the Unknowns holds the remains of only a few individuals, the site honors the many unidentified men and women who gave their lives in armed conflict. The Tomb of the Unknowns also underscores Americas commitment to account for all service members who are missing - an idea that gained prominence after the Civil War. Both the Tomb of the Unknowns and the earlier Civil War Unknowns Monument have been the focus of remembrance since the first Decoration Day, now called Memorial Day, when spring flowers are used to decorate the graves of fallen soldiers. Holocaust Memorials Millions of people were killed between 1933 and 1945 in what is known as the Holocaust or Shoah. Remembering the horror of the slaughter is an attempt to never allow its repeat. Two of the best-known memorials are museums by two well-known architects. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany, was designed by Peter Eisenman and the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum in Jerusalem is by Moshe Safdie. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. opened inn 1993 as a living memorial to the Holocaust. In Europe, artist Gunter Demnig has created Stolpersteine or stumbling stones to memorialize the last known addresss of victims. Architect Daniel Libeskind has created a Jewish Museum in Berlin, Germany and the Ohio Holocaust and Liberators Memorial in Columbus, Ohio. For some Holocaust survivors, remembering the horrors has been neither easy nor desireable. The history of the Holocaust Memorial in Miami Beach, Florida has its own story of objection and disapproval - yet the resulting sculpture garden is profound and moving. Monuments and Memorials to Leaders, Groups, and Movements Until the 21st century, United States Presidents have been revered. One thinks of the great heads carved in stone at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Jefferson Memorial, Washington Monument, and Lincoln Memorial are three of the most well-known architecture destinations created for the public in all of Washington, D.C. In 1997, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial was added to the presidential mix in the nations capital. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial by Pritzker Laureate Philip Johnson is located in Dallas, Texas - the site of the presidential assassination. Consensus is never unanimous for which U.S. Presidents deserve to be remembered. Agreement is even less harmonious for other leaders, groups, and movements. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. is a case in point - bickering before and after it was dedicated in 2011. The Civil Right Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama, designed by Maya Lin, was dedicated in 1989 to far less controversy. National memorials and monuments to the plight of disenfranchised Americans  - Native Americans, Black Americans, and LGBT Americans, for example - are few or nonexistant, except for museums. The design of monuments is often modelled after historic architecture of the past. For example, the iconic 1892 Washington Square Arch in New York Citys Greenwich Village looks strikingly similar to the triumphal stone arches built since the Roman Arch of Titus from the year 82. Likewise, the 1910 Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, Massachusetts was designed specifically after the 14th century Torre Del Mangia in Siena, Italy. Design is not materials, however, as the tower rising on Cape Cod is not Italian brick but made of granite from Maine  - the tallest all-granite structure in the U.S. Monuments to Ideals The St. Louis Gateway Arch is an homage to Westward Expansion. The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a monument to the ideals of freedom and opportunity. Nearby on Roosevelt Island in New York City, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, designed by modernist architect Louis I. Kahn,  is a memorial not only to FDR, but also to his vision of basic human rights. Sometimes we build memorials to remind us of whats important. Why We Need Monuments and Memorials Monuments and memorials ultimately tell stories, the tales important to their human creators. Architecture, including memorials and monuments, is an expressive tool. Design can show prosperity, whimsy, solemnity, or a combination of qualities. But architecture doesnt need to be big and expensive to ensure memory. When we build things, sometimes the purpose is an obvious marker of a life or an event to be remembered. But anything we build can kindle the flames of memory. In the words of John Ruskin (1819-1900): Therefore, when we build, let us think that we build for ever. Let it not be for present delight, nor for present use alone; let it be such work as our descendants will thank us for, and let us think, as we lay stone on stone, that a time is to come when those stones will be held sacred because our hands have touched them, and that men will say as they look upon the labor and wrought substance of them, See! this our fathers did for us. - Section X, The Lamp of Memory, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849 Sources Eva Hagberg, How Architecture Commemorates Tragedy, Metropolis, June 28, 2005, metropolismag.com/uncategorized/how-architecture-commemorates-tragedy/History of the Marine Corps War Memorial, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/gwmp/learn/historyculture/usmcwarmemorial.htm David A. Graham. The Stubborn Persistence of Confederate Monuments, The Atlantic, April 26, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/Civil War Unknown Monument, Arlington National Cemetery, arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Monuments-and-Memorials/Civil-War-Unknowns History of the Holocaust Memorial, Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach, https://holocaustmemorialmiamibeach.org/about/history/Quick Facts, Pilgrim Monument, https://www.pilgrim-monument.org/pilgrim-monument/Additional Photo Credits: USS Arizona National Memorial, MPI/Getty Images (cropped); Atomic Bomb Dome, Craig Pershouse/Getty Images; Pilgrim Monument, haveseen/Getty Images; Torr e del Mangia, Nadya85/Getty Images (cropped)

Qu saber antes de pagar una fianza migratoria

Qu saber antes de pagar una fianza migratoria Si un familiar o un amigo que no es ciudadano es detenido podrà ­a quedar en libertad mientras se resuelve su caso mediante el pago de una fianza. Pero,  ¿quà © esperar en estos casos y quà © obligaciones se tienen si se deposita la fianza? En este artà ­culo encontrars toda la informacià ³n necesaria sobre fianzas de inmigracià ³n y su diferencia con las penales. Asà ­Ã‚  sabrs quà © esperar y quà © hacer en el caso de que se fije una fianza y decidas salir de fiador para obtener asà ­ la libertad de tu ser querido. Si una persona extranjera es detenida, qu tipo de fianzas pueden fijarse para que quede libre mientras no se resuelve su caso? Hay dos tipos de fianza que hay que tener en consideracià ³n y que son muy distintas.  Fianzas criminales, que son reguladas por el estado y se dan en los casos en los que una persona -ciudadana o extranjera, legal o indocumentada - es detenida y se le acusa de un delito.Y las fianzas de inmigracià ³n, que son reguladas por la ley federal y son civiles. Esto es, no se ha cometido un delito. Se fijan para lograr la libertad de un indocumentado que ha sido arrestado o detenido  pero no se le acusa de ningà ºn crimen (estar ilegalmente en Estados Unidos no es un delito, es una violacià ³n de las leyes migratorias).Es fundamental  saber de quà © tipo de fianza se trata. Ya que asuntos importantes como por ejemplo la forma de pago son distintos.  ¿Quà © hay que saber sobre  las fianzas criminales?Cualquier persona que comete un delito ser detenida. Dependiendo de la gravedad se fijar o no una fianza.Como regla general, si a la persona a la que se acusa de haber cometido un delito es extranjera y el crimen tiene la calificacià ³n de agravado (aggravated felony en inglà ©s) entonces como regla general no se fijar una fianza. Asà ­ sea una persona con estatus legal, como residente permanente o tenga una visa vlida.En los dems casos en los que el delito no es agravado se fijar o no una fianza atendiendo a factores como: Que la persona detenida no presenta ningà ºn riesgo para la comunidad. Para esto se tiene en cuenta el historial delictivo, si lo tuviera.  O si se ha rehabilitado.  Si hay razones para sospechar de que hay un riesgo de que se desaparezca   y no se presente cuando sea citado por la corte. Aquà ­ se tiene en cuenta por ejemplo si tiene familia en los Estados Unidos. Qu pasa cuando se pide una fianza criminal y hay tambin un hold de Inmigracin? Cuando una persona extranjera comete un delito puede suceder que se le fije una fianza criminal (por el delito).  Pero adems puede suceder que la fianza criminal tenga unida un hold de Inmigracià ³n. Esto generalmente quiere decir que cuando se resuelva el asunto delictivo, el caso pasar al ICE.   Con lo que la persona quedarà ­a detenida.Es por eso que en estos casos en los que se da al mismo tiempo la fianza criminal y el hold de inmigracià ³n es muy importante consultar con un abogado para ver cul es el mejor camino a seguir  antes de pagar la fianza criminal. Se trata de evitar pagar la fianza criminal pero no lograr la puesta en libertad de la persona, debido a que lo retiene Inmigracià ³n. Cundo se da el caso de una fianza de inmigracin? Cuando se detiene o arresta a una persona indocumentada pero que  no se ha cometido ningà ºn delito. Un extranjero que est detenido por ser ilegal pero no ha cometido ningn delito tiene derecho a que se le fije una fianza y tras su pago quedar libre hasta que se resuelva su caso? No, no siempre es posible. Se miran las circunstancias de cada caso, particularmente si tiene alguna posibilidad de arreglar su situacià ³n. Quin puede fijar la fianza de inmigracin? Un oficial del ICE, que es la agencia del gobierno encargada de arrestar o detener a extranjeros. Si el ICE no la fija en ocasiones se puede solicitar un audiencia ante un juez de inmigracià ³n.  Tambià ©n en algunos casos ser posible ir a una audiencia (hearings)  ante un juez para intentar obtener una rebaja en monto de la fianza fijada por el ICE.    ¿Cunto se demora de media el tiempo para presentarse ante Corte de inmigracià ³n? Cuntos tipos de fianzas de inmigracin hay? Una, que se conoce con el nombre de formulario I-352 del ICE. Pero admite cuatro variedades: G(1), que es lo que se conoce como Delivery Bond. Es la ms comà ºn.G(2), que se conoce como Public Safety Bond, para garantizar que si el extranjero es puesto en libertad y causa algà ºn gasto pà ºblico, el gobierno va a recuperar ese dinero.G(3), que se conoce como Voluntary Departure Bond.G(4), que se conoce como Order of Supervision Bond, o por sus siglas en inglà ©s OSUP. Garantiza que una persona extranjera se presenta ante un oficial del ERO cada vez que se le cita. Si se paga una fianza de inmigracin tipo delivery bond, qu es lo que se est garantizando? Este es probablemente el tipo de fianza migratoria ms frecuente. Su objetivo es  que la persona extranjera que ahora est detenida quede libre al pagar la fianza y pueda vivir con su familia y consultar ms libremente con un abogado mientras se decide su caso. La persona que paga este tipo de fianza migratoria se compromete a que el detenido que queda en libertad: Se va a presentar a TODAS las audiencias (hearings) para las que tenga una cita en la Corte de Inmigracià ³n. Si no se presenta, se enviar al obligor (la persona que salià ³ de fiador en la fianza)  un documento conocido como I-340 (Notice to Appear). Eso quiere decir que debe presentar en corte en la fecha que se le indique a la persona extranjera por la que ha dado la fianza. Si no lo hace, no podr recuperar la fianza. Y el extranjero tendr en su contra una orden de deportacià ³n dictada en absentia.Que va a comunicar todos los cambios de domicilio ySobre todo se garantiza que si al final se dicta en su contra una orden de deportacià ³n que va a salir del paà ­s dentro del plazo seà ±alado. Y es que cuando un juez ordena la remocià ³n de una persona esto no quiere decir que se le lleve de la Corte al aeropuerto y se le envà ­e ya a su paà ­s. Se puede apelar la orden de deportacià ³n de un juez. Si no se hace o se pierde la apelacià ³n entonces la persona que firmà ³ la fianza como obligor recibir el formulario I-340. En à ©l se le dir el dà ­a y la hora en la que debe entregar a la persona para la que dio la fianza para que sea deportada. Si no lo hace, perder el dinero de la fianza. Qu se garantiza con una fianza de inmigracin de la variedad voluntary departure? Se le da la opcià ³n de dejar los Estados Unidos dentro de un periodo de tiempo. Si efectivamente se cumple y se abandona el paà ­s dentro de la fecha fijada podr recuperarse la fianza.  Si el ICE o un juez fijan una fianza de inmigracià ³n,  ¿quià ©n la puede pagar? Se puede depositar la fianza de dos formas: Directamente un familiar o amigo del detenido que es ciudadano o residente permanente legal.En este caso hay que pagar la fianza al completo.A travà ©s de un agente (bondsman) o compaà ±Ãƒ ­a autorizados a negociar fianzas de inmigracià ³n.   Cunto cuesta contratar una fianza de inmigracin con un agente? Si se acude a un agente para el depà ³sito de la fianza de inmigracià ³n se est haciendo un contrato de la modalidad que se conoce como surety bond. Es un contrato que funciona de la siguiente manera. El agente (bondsman) garantiza a la Corte que el detenido, si dejado en libertad con fianza, se va a presentar a la corte y en su caso saldr del paà ­s si es ordenada la deportacià ³n. Por su parte,  el familiar o amigo del detenido  garantiza  al bondsman que el detenido asà ­ har.Sà ³lo se puede hacer este tipo de contratos con un agente o una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que es a su vez agente de una aseguradora que tiene crà ©dito con el gobierno de Estados Unidos y que est autorizada a dar fianzas migratorias.   El costo de las de tipo migratorio puede ser muy diferente de agente a agente. Pero generalmente est entre el 15  y el 20  por ciento el premium inicial (el pago que se hace al principio).Una vez que se paga  el premium, eso no se  recupera. Es el costo del servicio. Por ejemplo, si la fianza es de $5,000 y el premium es de un 20  por ciento, pagas de costo inicial $1,000. Pero puede haber ms costos.  Por eso antes de contratar es importantà ­simo pedir precio a ms de un agente y  de preguntar, entre otras, lo siguiente:  ¿Hay que pagar por aplicar? ¿Existe costo de renovacià ³n anual y si lo hay, cunto es? ¿Existe un mà ­nimo de aà ±os que se est obligado a renovar  aunque el caso se acabe antes? ¿Cà ³mo se fija el costo que hay que pagar? ¿Es un porcentaje del total del monto de la fianza o es una cantidad fija? ¿Hay que  pagar una tarifa por implementacià ³n? Qu pasa si la persona que quiere ser fiador para que dejen en libertad a su ser querido no tienedinero para pagar el premium? Dependiendo de las  circunstancias y del bondsman, en algunos casos es posible financiar. Si se contrata con un bondsman para el pago de una fianza de inmigracin, se tienealguna responsabilidad econmica si la persona detenida al quedar en libertad no cumple con la Corte o con la orden de deportacin si llega a dictarse? Sà ­, si el detenido queda en libertad y a lo largo del proceso no cumple (por ejemplo, se ordena su deportacià ³n y no se va de Estados Unidos) entonces hay  que pagar por la totalidad de la fianza. En el ejemplo anterior la fianza se fijaba en  $5,000, y al contratar con el bondsman se pagaron  en concepto de premium inicial $1,000.   En caso de incumplimiento de la persona garantizada el fiador tendr que pagar  al bondsman los $4,000 restantes. Pero, cmo se garantiza el bondsman que se levaa pagar? Pues porque en el momento de firmar el contrato con el bondsman para que à ©ste procediera al depà ³sito del pago de la fianza se determinà ³ el  colateral. Qu es el colateral? Para pagar una fianza de inmigracià ³n a travà ©s de  un bondsman no sà ³lo se abona el premium inicial sino que hay que dejar  un colateral. Es una garantà ­a que sirve  asegurary  que el bondsman no pierde dinero en el caso de que  la persona para la que se da la fianza no cumple con su obligacià ³n de presentarse a las audiencias en corte o cumplir en su caso con una orden de deportacià ³n. En este caso  el bondsman no podrà ­a  recuperar la fianza, entonces va a cobrar ejecutando sus derechos sobre el colateral. Cunto puede ser el colateral? Pueden pedir que se garantice con el colateral la totalidad del dinero pedido como fianza, de hecho, eso es muy frecuente. O tambià ©n pueden solicitar una cantidad menor, como el 50 por ciento.Sin embargo, particularmente en esos casos de colateral no completo debe examinarse bien el contrato e incluso compararlo con lo que ofrecen otras agencias de fianzas. Hay que leer todo, incluso la letra pequeà ±a.Porque lo que a primera vista puede parecer una buena oferta, puede resultar a la larga que es caro. Por ejemplo, porque se pone como condicià ³n una prima de renovacià ³n anual muy alta o por un nà ºmero de aà ±os mà ­nimo que puede superar a los del caso. Qu puede darse como colateral? En realidad cualquier cosa de valor que acepte el bondsman. Generalmente va a ser una vivienda de la que se tiene tà ­tulo de propiedad, el auto, cualquier tipo de bienes raà ­ces, bonos del tesoro, etc. Algunos agentes incluso admiten el crà ©dito de una o varias tarjetas de crà ©dito, pertenecientes a una o varias personas. Cundo dura el colateral, es decir hasta cundo los bienes dados como colateral estn sujetos a esa obligacin? Hasta que la Corte notifica al bondsman que ya no tiene esa obligacià ³n. Es decir, que el caso se ha cerrado definitivamente y ha acabado de alguna de las siguientes maneras: Permitià ©ndose al inmigrante permanecer en Estados UnidosHa salido del paà ­s deportadoHa salido del paà ­s voluntariamente, en los casos en los que es posibleHa fallecidoLleva 30 dà ­as o ms detenido por un asunto local, estatal o federal. Una vez que se produce la notificacià ³n se har el papeleo para cancelar  el colateral. Cunto tiempo tarda la persona detenida en ser puesta en libertaduna vez que se paga la fianza? Depende del lugar donde està © detenida. Puede ir desde una hora a  a seis u ocho. Si sefirmaun contrato de fianza de inmigracin con un bondsman, cules son lasobligaciones? Pagar el premium inicial.Pagar el premiun de renovacià ³n anual si lo hay.Asegurarse de que el inmigrante acude a todas las citas con la corte y, si finalmente es acordada una deportacià ³n, que realmente se presenta para proceder a la misma.Responder con los bienes seà ±alados como colateral por la totalidad de la fianza de inmigracià ³n si el inmigrante al quedar en libertad no cumple con sus obligaciones de presentarse en corte   y cumplir con las à ³rdenes de un juez de inmigracià ³n, particularmente la de deportacià ³n, si es que llega a dictarse. En qu casos no se va a permitir una fianza? Cuando exista una orden de deportacià ³n previaCuando el detenido haya cumplido una condena por un delito de al menos un aà ±o en prisià ³nCuando se crea que hay un riesgo de no presentarse a las audiencias en corte o a una cita con un oficial de inmigracià ³n.Cuando se considere que es un riesgo  para la comunidad o para la seguridad de los Estados Unidos. Es posible que una persona que acaba de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera y es detenida pueda ser puesta en libertad despus de pagar fianza? Va a depender del caso. En la mayorà ­a ser muy difà ­cil. Pero desde luego que no es imposible. Si ya hay una orden de remocià ³n dictada contra el detenido, se complica la cosa, ya que sà ³lo ser posible si se lograr reabrir el caso, para lo cual hay que contar con un abogado.Si todavà ­a no hay orden de remocià ³n y se cree que puede haber una chance para tener un caso de inmigracià ³n, como por ejemplo tener un caso razonable de asilo, lo mejor es contactar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n de la zona en la que està © el centro de detencià ³n (Esta es la base de datos de abogados, se puede buscar por especializacià ³n y ubicacià ³n).  Si no se tiene dinero se puede checar con la pgina web del Bar Association del Estado y ver si ofrecen servicios pro bono para estos casos o con organizaciones sin fines de lucro como Catholic Charities. Qu sucede si ni el ICE ni el juez de inmigracin sealan una fianza? La persona detenida seguir estndolo, incluso por mucho tiempo hasta que se finalice su caso. O en algunos casos puede aceptar las alegaciones del ICE en su contra y obtener asà ­ una expulsià ³n (remocià ³n) de los Estados Unidos rpida. Antes de tomar una decisià ³n es muy conveniente meditarlo bien y conocer todas las posibles consecuencias, de una decisià ³n o de la otra. Qu es ELMO? Es un monitor electrà ³nico en forma de brazalete que se pone alrededor del tobillo. A veces para ser dejado en libertad es necesario llevar uno. Si la persona que lo lleva se aleja de su casa, sonar una alarma. Puede interesarte Si la persona que queda libre bajo fianza recibe una citacià ³n para presentarse en Corte pero se ha mudado a otro estado, resultndole complicado desplazarse puede entonces solicitar un cambio de corte migratoria. En casos de detenciones es importante contar con una buena asistencia legal. Esto es de promedio lo que cobran los abogados de Inmigracià ³n. Nota En esta pgina hay mucha informacià ³n sobre inmigracià ³n. Se puede utilizar la opcià ³n de search, en la parte superior, para buscar ms informacià ³n. Si no encuentras lo que buscas, infà ³rmate aquà ­ sobre cà ³mo proponer un tema para que se escriba un artà ­culo sobre à ©l. Lo dicho en este artà ­culo tiene sà ³lo carcter informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal. Para asesorarse, por favor contactar con un buen abogado reputado en el lugar en el que se reside.

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get Essay - 2

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get married should be introduced - Essay Example This article therefore is a reflection of the whole process of working on this project. The reflection outlines the lessons that I have learned, the challenges that I encountered, and what can be done to bring about improvement if a similar project is to be embarked on again. The process of working on this project was long and I learned many lessons from it. Generally, three of them are patience, endurance and planning. Planning was very vital to beat the deadlines. There was a need for strict adherence to the time schedule and this called for self discipline, endurance and patience. Endurance and discipline were especially significant because a lot of time was required in sourcing the correct materials from the internet. Writing the proposal and working on the presentation was quite exhausting and required a strong will to complete. Nevertheless, the project proved useful and I learned a lot was about the topic and academic writing as I continue to discuss below. The topic of the project made it possible to view divorce from a different perspective. I now understand divorce as a serious issue whose effect can be felt by the whole nation – I did not think that divorce was this serious before. The view that marriage and, specifically, wrangles in marriage is a private issue was corrected. I found out that these wrangles are often due to lack of counseling and when divorce is the end product; the government, in the long run, has some costs to incur. ‘Marriage is a public good’ was a phrase I found appropriate in encouraging pre-marital counseling. The topic also made it possible for me to understand that marriage is not a bed of roses since it is a union of two human beings and since human being are not angels they are likely to conflict with each other. I must say I had not seriously thought of marriage from this angle. This project involved a lot of writing and as a result I learned a lot about carrying out a research and

There should be restrictions on SNAP (foodstamps) benefits Essay

There should be restrictions on SNAP (foodstamps) benefits - Essay Example This important aspect of development serves a large population of the United States, who are in dire need. However, while some people are in support of the program for its usefulness, I feel that the benefits should be limited. A number of people enrolling for the program do not need it, which surges the national expenditure. This creates a proportional surge in taxes to cater for the program, which is a burden to other taxpayers. To begin with, some people feel that the Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program is not of great help to the low-income people. For example, traditionally, there are three basic needs in a human life. These include food, clothing, and shelter. Apparently, people consider education as a basic need for human living. Consequentially, the government only provides foodstuff in the SNAP program, whereas it should also be providing other basic needs like education. Therefore, the government should be considerate to the low-income families, since they do not have the sufficient resources for the stated basic needs. Owing to this, the government should initiate another approach, where the situation can be corrected in the shortest time possible. It is stated that the life expectancy rate and standards of life improve when people have access to quality education, high quality healthcare and a low cost of living. Apparently, giving the low-income families SNAP is not enhancing their entire life as it is only solving part of their problems. As such, many of the low-income families do not afford education for their children. This leads to low literacy rates in the low-income families, which in turn leads to a large disparity between the rich and the poor people in the society. Therefore, the program is not of much help to the low-income families, especially when looking at the other basic needs. On the contrary, Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program caters for

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The Significance of Mergers and Acquisition in India

The Significance of Mergers and Acquisition in India The term mergers and acquisition refers to the facet of corporate finance, strategy and management dealing with buying and selling or amalgamating different companies that can help in financial aid or help in increasing the market share and growth without creating another business entity. Important terms used in the world of mergers acquisition, their brief explanation: Merger: is defined as the combination of two or more companies into a single company where one survives and the other loses its corporate existence. The survivor acquires the assets as well as liabilities of the merged company or companies. Amalgamation: Halsburys Laws of England describe amalgamation as a blending of two or more existing undertakings onto one undertaking, the shareholders of each blending company becoming substantially the share holders in the company which is to carry on the blended undertaking. 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Sell Off: General Term for divestiture of part or whole of the firm by any one or number of means: i.e. sale, spin off, split up etc. Spin Off: A transaction in which a company distributes all the shares it owns in a subsidiary to its own shareholders on pro-rata basis then creates a new company with the same proportional shareholding pattern as in the parent company. Split Off: A transaction in which some, but not all, shareholders of the parent company receive shares in a subsidiary, for relinquishing their parent company shares. Split Up: A transaction in which a company spins off, all of its subsidiaries to it shareholders and ceases to exist. Equity Carve Out: A transaction in which a parent company offers some common stock of one of its subsidiaries to the general public, so as to bring in a cash infusion to the parent company without losing the control. TYPES OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Mergers can be classified into three categories: On the basis of movement in the industries Horizontal Mergers These involves merger of two firms operating and competing in the same line of business activity. It is performed with a view to form a larger firm, which may have economies of scale in production by eliminating duplication of competitions, increase in market segments and exercise of better control over the market. It also helps firms in industries like pharmaceuticals, automobiles where huge amount is spent on RD to achieve a critical mass and reduce unit development costs. Example: India cements acquiring Raasi Cement. Vertical Mergers These take place between two or more firms engaged in different stages of production. The main reason for vertical merger is to ensure ready take off of the materials, gain control over scarce raw materials, gain control over product specifications, increase in profitability by eliminating the margins of the previous supplier/ distributor and in some cases to avoid sales tax. Example: Tea Estate Ltd merging with Brooke Bond Ltd. Conglomerate Mergers Conglomerate merger refers to the merger of two or more firms engaged in unrelated line of business activity. Example: GNFC acquiring Gujarat Scooters. Two important characteristics of conglomerate mergers are: A conglomerate firm controls a range of activities in various industries that require different skills in the specific managerial functions of research, applied engineering, production and marketing. The diversification is achieved mainly by external acquisitions and mergers and not by internal development. Consolidation Mergers This involves a merger of a subsidiary company with parent company. The reasons behind such mergers are to stabilize cash flows and to make funds available for the subsidiary. In consolidation mergers, economic gains are not readily apparent as merging firms are under the same management. Still, Flow of funds between parent and the subsidiary is obstructed by other consideration of laws such as taxation laws, Companies Act etc. Therefore, consolidation can make it easier for to infuse funds for revival of subsidiaries. One the basis of method or approach Leveraged buyouts Management buyouts Takeover by workers On the basis of response/relation Friendly Takeovers Hostile Takeovers Acquisition is buying of Target Company by another. It may be friendly or aggressive. In friendly acquisitions the companies cooperate and negotiate with each other whereas in aggressive the target company is not willing to be sold but it is with no prior knowledge. The word acquisition is used when a large company overtakes small but when the small overtakes large it is called reverse takeover or merger. MERGER MOTIVES The merger motives are as follows: Growth Advantage / Combination Benefits: The companies would always like to grow and best way to grow without much loss of time and resources is too inorganically by acquisition and mergers. Example: Merger of SCICI with ICICI ITC Classic with ICICI Acquisition of Raasi cement by India cement Dharani Cement and Digvijay cement by Grasim Modi cement by Gujarat Ambuja. Diversification: The companies could diversify into different product lines by acquiring companies with diverse products. The purpose is to diversify business risk by avoiding putting all eggs into one basket. Example: All Multi-product companies Synergy: When the companies combine their operations and realize results greater in value than mere additions of their assets, the synergy is said to have been resulted. Example: Merger of Ranbaxy and Crossland Laboratories. Market Dominance / Market Share/ Beat Competition: The predominant market share or market dominance has always driven the executives to look for acquiring competitive companies and create a huge market empire. Example: Acquisition of Tomco by Hindustan Lever Computer Associates International Acquired around twenty software companies. Consolidation in cement industry Nicholas Piramal Ltd. has merged into itself. Technological Considerations: It refers to enhancing production capacities to derive economies of scale. Example: Acquisition of Corus by Tata. Taxation Benefits / Revival Of Sick Units: Section 72 A provides for revival of sick units by allowing accumulated losses of the sick unit to be absorbed by the healthy units subject to compliances to the conditions of the provisions. Acquiring Platform: When a company would like to expand beyond geographical limits and acquire platform in the new place the best way would be to acquire the companies. Example: Acquisition of Parle by Coke. METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS Objective: To inspect and analyze the trends and progress of MA in Indian market and corporation. To analyze year-wise trends with the variance. Hypotheses: With the above objective in mind certain hypotheses are: No major difference in the amount and number of deals in MA between the industries and between the years No major changes between service and manufacturing sector in MA growth The table 1 shows the trends of MAs in India from the year 2000 to 2007. Food Beverages India is the second largest producer of food Beverages, first being China. The food market is expected to be USD 182 billion and it is two thirds of the total retail market in India. The carbonated drinks market is worth USD 1.5 billion whereas the market for juice is worth USD 0.25 billion. The market for fruit drinks is growing at 25%. The major reasons for MA concept commenced in this industry are deregulation, restructuring of parent companies, disinvestments and existing foreign players. Textile Industry The Indian textile industry was unorganized until liberalization of economy of India. After that there was an astounding growth in this industry and it is one of the largest in the world. 27% of foreign exchange is from textile exports. This industry is 3% of GDP and it involves 21% of the total employment in the country. The major reasons for growth of MA are the growth of handlooms, closure of mills etc. Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals This sector accounts for 70% of the demands for drugs, formulations, tablets, chemicals etc. There are almost 250 large and 8000 small manufacturers and suppliers in Pharma sector. The growth rate of this industry is almost 14%. The reason for the growth of MA in this sector is due to the fundamental changes in this sector and the emergence of WTO Non-Metallic Mineral Products The major reasons for the growth of MA in this sector are mainly because the Indian economy has slowed down, SME are finding difficult to raise the funds and are not able to handle the pressure from global market. Information Technology and Telecom The factors for the growth of MA are up-gradation and expansion of the telecom industry, services and networks. Automobiles and Ancillaries Globalization is approaching and pushing foreign players merge and upgrade the technology and infrastructure, increase the product range and cut costs. Also there is huge competitive pressure due to the existing foreign players leading to growth in MA. The pie chart (Figure 2) gives the sector-wise division in 2007 Figure 2: Sector-wise division Analysis of MA in manufacturing and service sectors Table1 shows the Trends and progress in terms of number of deals and Table 2 in terms of value of deals. Table1: Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (Number of deals) Table2: Progress and Trends in MA in number of deals (as calculated from Table1) Table 3: Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (in Rs. Cr.) Table 4: Progress and Trends in MA in value of deals (as calculated form Table 2) Number of Deals Value of deals: The progress and trends of MA considered in number and value of deals in manufacturing and services sectors have been calculated by using t-test and ANOVA analysis. On the basis of Table 2 and Table 4 the number of deals in service sector is lower in the first 4 years but reverses in the last 3 years. So there is no major association between these two sectors Table5: Two-way ANOVA- Sector-wise Number of Deals (as calculated from Table 1) Table6: Two-way ANOVA-Sector-wise Value of Deals (as calculated from Table 3) ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY DATA RESEARCH AND FINDINGS From the calculations done above, it is observed that the number of deals has decreased from 1300 to 1007 i.e. almost 18%. There can be various reasons for this decrease, some are as follows: The slowdown of the economy With no prior knowledge management makes a choice of MA leading to decrease in profits Economic crisis in the period of 2004-2007 Dropping market capitalizations and uncertainty in the economy From the above analysis it is concluded that: Total amount of deals increased by 613% In manufacturing sector the value of deals increased by 273% whereas it increased by 1217% in service sector Total number of deals decreased by 18.5% i.e. from 1322 to 1075 In manufacturing sector the number of deals decreased by 844 to 440 i.e. 47.2% decrease whereas in service sector deals increased from 480 to 636 i.e. 33% increase. THEORIES OF MERGER The phenomenon of merger and acquisitions has been explained by different theories as under: Efficiency Theories Differential Efficiency: If the management of firm A is more efficient than the management of firm B and if after firm A acquires firm B, the efficiency of firm B is brought up to the level of efficiency of firm A, efficiency is increased by merger. Features: There would be social gain as well as private gain. This may also be called managerial synergy hypothesis. Limitations: If carried to its logical extreme, it would result in only one firm in the economy, the firm with greatest managerial efficiency. Inefficient / underperforming firms could improve performance by employing additional managerial input through direct employment / contracting. Inefficient Management: Inefficient Management refers to non performance up to its potential level. It may be managed by another group more efficiently. Features: Inefficient Management represents management which is inept in absolute sense. Differential management theory is more likely to be basis for horizontal merger; inefficient management theory could be basis for mergers between firms of unrelated business. Limitations: Difficult to differentiate differential management theory from inefficient theory. The theory suggests replacement of inefficient management. However empirical evidence does not support this. Operating Synergy: Operating synergy or operating economies may be achieved in horizontal, vertical and even conglomerate mergers. Features: Theory is based on the assumption that economies of scale do exist in this industry and prior to merger, firms are operating at the levels of activity that fall short of achieving the potential for economies of scale. Economies of scale arise because of indivisibilities such as people, equipment overhead which provide increasing returns if spread over a large number of units of output. Pure Diversification: Diversification of the firm can provide the managers and employees with job security and opportunity for promotion and other things being equal, results in lower costs. Even for owner manager diversification is valuable as risk premium for undiversified firm is higher. Diversification has value for many reasons: Demand for diversification by managers, other employees Preservation of organizational and reputation capital Financial and tax advantages Diversification helps preserving reputational capital of the firm, which will be lost if firm is liquidated. Strategic Realignment to Changing Environment: Strategic planning is concerned with firms environment and constituencies, not just operating decisions. The speed of adjustment through merger would be quicker than internal development. Features: Strategic planning approach to mergers implies either the possibilities of economies of scale or tapping an underused capacity in the firms present managerial capabilities. By external diversification the firm acquires management skills for augmentation of its present capabilities. A competitive market for acquisitions implies that the net present value from merger and acquisition investment is likely to be small. Nonetheless if synergy can be used as a base for still additional investments with positive net present values, the strategy may succeed. Agency problems Agency problem arises when a manager owns a fraction of ownership shares of the firm. This partial ownership may cause managers to work less vigorously than other wise and / or consume more perquisites, (luxurious offices, company cars, membership of clubs) because majority owners bear most of the cost. Agency costs include: Cost of structuring a set of contracts Cost of monitoring and controlling the behavior of agents by principals. Cost of bonding to guarantee that agents will make optimal decisions or principles will be compensated for consequences of sub-optimal decisions. Residual loss: i.e. welfare loss experienced, by the principals arising from the divergence between agents decisions and decisions to maximize principals warfare. This residual loss can arise because the cost of full enforcement of contracts exceeds the benefits. Takeover as solution to Agency Problems: Agency problems can be controlled by organizational or market mechanism: A number of compensation arrangements and market for managers may mitigate agency problems. Stock market gives rise to external monitoring device, because stock prices summaries the implications of decisions made by managers. Low stock prices exert pressure on managers to change their behavior and to stay in line with interest of shareholders. When these mechanisms are not sufficient, market for takeover provides an external control device of last resort. A takeover through a tender offer or proxy fight enables outside managers to gain control of decision process of Target Company, while circumventing the existing managers and Board of Directors. Free Cash flow hypothesis Pay out of free cash flow can play an important role in dealing with conflict between managers and shareholders. Payout of free cash flow reduces the amount under control of managers and reduces their power. Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. A free cash flow must be paid out to shareholders if firm is to be efficient and to maximize share price. Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. Managers arrange cash flows also by issuing debts / leveraging. In leveraged buyouts, increased debt increases risk of bankruptcy cost in addition and agency costs. Optimum debt / Equity Ratio will be where the marginal cost of debt equals marginal benefit of debt. Market Power Mergers increase a firms market share. It is argued that larger volume of operations through Mergers and Acquisitions result in economies of scale. But it is not clear whether this price required by the selling firm will really make acquisition route more economical method of expanding a firms capacity either horizontally or vertically. An objection often raised against permitting a firm to increase its market share by merger is that it will result into undue concentration in the industry. Value increase by Redistribution Value increases under merger on account of redistribution among the stake holders of the firm. Shifts are from the Bond holders to stock holders and from labor to stock holders and / or consumers. DE-MERGER AND REVERSE MERGER DE-MERGER De-merger essentially means bonafide separation of the key business assets and reorganizing the business in such a manner that though there is separation in favor of another company, atleast 50% of the equity stake in two companies continues to be common. Section 2 (19AA) was introduced by Finance Act of 1999 defining De-Merger Examples: Sterlite Industries and Sterlite Optical Sterlite which was a diversified company with presence both in non-ferrous metal as well as Telecom cables decided to de-merge both the business into separate companies. The spin off was done in the ratio of 1:1. Raymonds Ltd: Raymonds sold of Cement and Steel business to become one again, a purely fabric and garment company. The whole exercise fetched Raymonds Rs. 1140 crores. This enabled it to reduce high cost debts as well as buyback its own shares. Thus financially as well as in terms of shareholder value it was a correct step. REVERSE MERGER Reverse merger takes place when a healthy company merges into a financially weak company. Under the Companies Act there is no difference between regular merger and reverse merger. It is like any other amalgamation. On Amalgamation merger automatically makes the transferee company entitled to the benefits of carry forward and set off of loss and unabsorbed depreciation of the transferor company. There is no need to comply with Section 72 of Income Tax Act. On amalgamation being effective, the weak companys name may be changed into that of a healthy company. Example: Case Study- Kirloskar Oil Engines merging into Prashant Khosla Pneumatics Ltd In April, 1994, Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. (KOEL) took over the management control of Prashant Khosla Pneumatics Ltd. (PKPL) a Delhi Based Company having its works at Nasik. PKPL became a sick unit as on 31st March, 1994 and went into BIFR in June 1994. ICICI was appointed as Operating Agency who invited bids for PKPL for revival. KOEL made a bid although PKPL was already under its control. KOELs bid was accepted and confirmed by BIFR. Main objective in the takeover was to make use of PKPLs engine plant for KOELs large engine activity. PKPL take over added to KOELs assets, two plants located at MIDC, Nasik on MIDC leased land of 80,000 sq. mtrs. A scheme for revival of PKPL through reverse merger of KOEL with PKPL was submitted to BIFR and was sanctioned in February 1996. Accordingly, KOEL merged in PKPL, and name of PKPL stood changed KOEL on 1st March, 1996 which was the effective date of amalgamation. Again of merged company for 1994-95 was held in April 1996 and consolidated accounts for the year ended 31st March, 1995 were adopted. Delay of 7 months for holding AGM was condoned by BIFR. This merger did not affect in any way KOEL shareholders. PKPL capital of Rs. 218 lakhs was reduced by 95% to 11 lakhs and KOEL shares were exchanged for PKPL shares in the merged company in the ratio of 1 for 20. PKPL shareholders were paid 5% dividend for 1994-95 and full dividend for 1995-96. 56% of PKPLs capital held by its holding company was transferred at agreed price of Rs. 75 lakhs to KOEL associate company which subsequently got shares in the merged company. The scheme provided for certain matters without going through the formalities under companys Act, under powers of BIFR such as Change of name of Transferee Company from PKPL to KOEL. Memorandum of association (MOA), articles of association (AOA) of Transferor Company becomes MOA and AOA of Transferee Company. Auditors of Transferee Company to automatically cease to hold office and auditors of the transferor company to become auditors of the transferee company. MD and ED of Transferor Company to continue as such in Transferee Company without reappointment and without break. Authorized capital of Transferee Company to stand increased from Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 27 crores. Transferee Company to allot to shareholders of Transferor Company, shares in Transferee Company. Share certificates of Transferor Company not to be called back and replaced by new certificates. ICICI to be issued 4,75,000 equity shares in transferee company without complying with Section 81 (1A) and SEBI guidelines on preferential issue. Stamp duty on transfer of property and share certificates was saved. Premium payable to MIDC saved only loans for fee paid. PKPL revival resulted into both the plants being operative- Direct employment to more than 300 people working. POST MERGER SCENARIO Key steps to successful Post Acquisition Management (Figure 3) Figure 3: Steps for Successful Acquisition Success constitutes two important factors: Meeting the objectives Enhanced shareholder value Short lived mergers: Some Examples Merger of ICICI and Anagram: When employees of Anagram Finance heard that ailing firm was to be merged with ICICI there was a sigh of relief. But two months later, reality was bitter. Out of 450 staff only 140 were repaired and all others were given pink slips with 3 months severance pay. Takeover of Merind by Wockhardt: There was exodus of top management team of Merind. CIBA and Sandoz merged to form Novartis: 115 out of 120 managers of new corporate office were Sandoz people with Sandoz Indias erstwhile MD John Simon ailing the shareholders. POST MERGER INTEGRATION SEVEN RULES BY MAX HABECK- FRITZ MICHAEL TRAM Vision Guide post merger Integration with a clear and realistic vision derived from through business due diligence. Research Findings: 78% of mergers are mistakenly driven by fit, and not vision. Around 58% of mergers fail. Examples: M A Cases That Have Failed On Account Of Lack of Vision or Unrealistic Vision AT T and NCR: In the late 1980s American Telephone and Telegraph still had assets such as Bell Labs to go with long distance telephone services it kept after the 1984 anti-trust break up. The company had a grand vision of a technological synergy between its expertise in telecommunications and NCRs expertise in computer technology. After years of intense searching, hampered by management changes as well as cultural frictions, no synergies were found. The presumed fit between telecommunication equipment and computer hardware failed to turn up. AT T spun off the remains of NCR around five years later at a loss of around $ 3.5 billion, nearly half of what it initially paid. Sony Pictures: Sony acquired Columbia Pictures in 1989 for $ 5 billion. However, Columbia had difficulties in generating the successful software to begin with. Rapidly rising salaries of stars and lack of success at box office culminated in Sony making operating loss of around $ 500 million. The company wrote off $ 2.7 billion. The losses were attributed to abandonment of large number of projects and settlement of outstanding lawsuits. However, instead of divesting the unit, Sony made management changes and imposed stricter controls. Columbia is now a part of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which represented just fewer than 10% of Sony Groups Worldwide Sales of around $ 50 billion. Examples of Successful cases of M A driven by Vision: Acquisition of Salomon Inc. by Citigroup Ford Motor Acquisition of AB Volvo. Leadership- Its Critical Establish It Quickly Research Findings: Leaderships urgency is often neglected. Some 39% of all companies faced a leadership vacuum because they failed to make the establishment of leadership a priority. A merger without strong leadership in place from its early days will drift quickly and drift is deadly. Growth- Merge to Grow, Focus On added Value not on Efficiency Synergies Research Findings: 76% of the companies surveyed focused too heavily on efficiency synergies. 30% of the companies virtually ignored attractive growth opportunities such as cross selling possibilities or knowledge sharing in research and development. Most Successful Growth through Mergers: Cisco Systems: This fortune 500 company has grown since its founding in 1984, thanks to a combination of organic growth and successful integration of 25 acquisitions. Cisco has almost quadrupled its revenue since 1995 to $ 8.5 billion and its net income tripled to $ 1.3 billion. It holds a market share of around 80% routers and switches which form the internet infra structure. Making mergers is and will continue to be absolutely essential for Cisco to maintain its rapid growth and enhance its competitive advantages. CONCLUSION The practice of Mergers and Acquisitions and restructuring of business entities has achieved a lot of importance and significance in todays corporate world. Due to the cut-throat competition in the global market pushed Indian companies to opt for this strategic option in order to sustain in the marketplace. There are various factors for making MA deals constructive in India such as Government policies are dynamic, stability in the economy, ready-to-experiment approach of the firms etc. Some additional and recent facts about MA: The value of MA is increasing every year in India; it almost increased seven fold to USD 4.2 billion in August 2010 from USD 629 billion in 2009 The number of deals (outbound) increased to USD 3.35 billion in 2010 from USD 60 million The number of domestic deals increased from 20 to 27 but the value of deals decreased from USD 521 million to USD 364 million in2010. From the study it is observed that companies get involved in MAs to increase the shareholders earnings by increasing the revenue or decreasing the cost. It also increases the market share provided if management is careful about the MA and has a prior knowledge of it. Synergy should be achieved with MA but at times it does not happens so the companies need to work to control the synergy and allow new company to go ahead and look for new business growth possibilities.

Data Mining and Privacy-an ethical look Essay -- Data Mining Technolog

Data Mining and Privacy-an ethical look I. Introduction In 2001, the MIT Technology Review listed data mining as one of the top 10 technologies that will change the world.[i] So, what is data mining? For many people, the simple answer is that data mining is the collecting of people’s information when logged onto the Internet. But Webopedia emphasizes that data mining is not the collection of data itself, but the statistical interpretation of it – allowing people to obtain new information or find hidden patterns within that collected data.[ii] It is the combination of these, collection and analysis, which are cause for concern. People want to know: What information is being collected about me? Who has access to that information? What decisions are people making about me based upon that information? This paper looks at how data mining is currently being used on the Internet. It examines whether our privacy rights are vulnerable. Ways in which our privacy can be protected are explored. Finally, an ethical question is considered: ‘Are we maintaining our privacy with the current usage of data mining on the Internet?’ This question is looked at from several ethical points of view. II. Examples of Data Mining Use In general, nearly every time you surf or make a purchase online, information is collected on your actions. Then targeted advertising can be presented online, emailed, snail-mailed or even phoned to you. The business concept behind this is â€Å"best predictor of future behavior is relevant past behavior† (ala Dr. Phil). One company claims that retailers can increase their return on data mining investment by 1,000 percent.[i] The first step in understanding data mining is to look at the various ways t... ...www.acm.org/sigs/sigkdd/explorations/issue4-2/thuraisingham.pdf [x] Sara Baase, A Gift of Fire (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003)44, 46, 55, 85, 86 [xi] American Civil Liberties Union, MATRIX: Myths and Reality, 10 Feb 2004, 17 Feb 2004, http://www.aclu.org/news/NewsPrint.cfm?ID=14894&c=130 [xii] Dan Verton, Senate Kills Data Mining Program, 18 Jul 2003, Computerworld, 17 Mar 2004, http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0%2Caid%2C111626%2C00.asp [xiii] Martin S Olivier, Database Privacy - Balancing Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, SIGKDD Explorations 4:2 (December 2002): 20-27, 29 Feb 2004, http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigkdd/explorations/issue4-2/olivier.pdf [xiv] Patricia Ellen Freed, Thinking Ethically about Policy Issues, Jewish College of Nursing and Allied Health, 13 Mar 2004, http://www.icss.net/~freedos/Pages/Debate/Review.html